Halos radioativos de Polônio

Rádio-halo

Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.

Ir para: navegação, pesquisa

Rádio-halos

Rádio-halos são descolorações microscópicas, de formato esférico, frequentes em cristais. São abundantemente encontrados em certas rochas terrestres, especialmente na mica presente nos granitos. Em corte transversal, aparecem ao microscópio como uma série de minúsculos anéis concêntricos, geralmente contornando um núcleo central. Rádio-halos primários de polônio-218 exigem atenção porque fornecem um registro da radioatividade extinta em minerais constituintes das mais antigas rochas da Terra.^[1]

Esse núcleo central é (pelo menos inicialmente) radioativo. Partículas alfa, com alta energia, emitidas do núcleo durante o decaimento radioativo, danificam o mineral, descolorindo-o, com muitos dos danos ocorrendo onde as partículas pararam seu movimento. A distância que viajam depende da energia que carregam. Visto que todas as partículas alfa, em um tipo particular de reação de decaimento, têm a mesma energia, sendo disparadas em todas as direções, forma-se uma concha esférica de descoloração, parecendo circular em corte transversal. É como um projétil disparado em uma imensa placa de cortiça, de grande massa. Em certo momento, a bala vai parar, deixando atrás de si um "rastro" de danos, com o comprimento variando em função da velocidade da bala. Diversas substâncias radioativas disparam partículas alfa ("balas") a diferentes (porém específicas) velocidades; por isso podemos identificar a substância a partir do diâmetro da "esfera de danos". Quanto maior a energia do decaimento, maior a velocidade da "bala". Obviamente não é uma analogia perfeita, apesar de muito útil – a bala na cortiça deixa danos equivalentes por todo o seu trajeto, diferentemente das partículas alfa, que não causam dano no final, como declarado.

Referências

1. ↑ Gentry, R.V., Creation’s Tiny Mystery (3 ed.), Earth Science Associates, Tennessee, 1992.
   
   Bibliography
   

• Gentry, Robert V. (14 June 1968). "Fossil Alpha-Recoil Analysis of Certain Variant Radioactive Halos". 160 (3833): 1228 - 1230. doi:10.1126/science.160.3833.1228. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/160/3833/1228.
  
• Gentry, Robert V. (14 August 1970). "Giant Radioactive Halos: Indicators of Unknown Radioactivity?". 169 (3946): 670 - 673. doi:10.1126/science.169.3946.670. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/169/3946/670.
  
• Gentry, Robert V. (5 April 1974). "Radiohalos in a Radiochronological and Cosmological Perspective". 184 (4132): 62 - 66. doi:10.1126/science.184.4132.62. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/184/4132/62.
  
• Gentry, Robert V.; T. A. Cahill, R. G. Flocchini, N. R. Fletcher, H. C. Kaufmann, L. R. Medsker, and J. W. Nelson (1976). "Evidence for Primordial Superheavy Elements". Physical Review Letters 37 (1): 11 - 15. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.37.11. http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.37.11.
  
• Creation's tiny mystery. Knoxville, Tenn.: Earth Science Associates, (1986) ISBN 0961675314
  
  References
  

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Numbers, Ronald (November 30, 2006). The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design, Expanded Edition. Harvard University Press. p. 280-282. ISBN 0674023390.
   
2. ^ "Polonium Haloes" Refuted, Thomas A. Baillieul, TalkOrigins Archive
   
3. ^ Exchanges, Earth Science Associates
   
4. ^ McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education
   
5. ^ Lawsuit Filed, Earth Science Associates
   
6. ^ Retribution denied to creationist suing arXiv over religious bias, News in Brief, 1 April 2004
   
7. ^ Gregg Wilkerson, "Creation's tiny mystery Review" in Reviews of Creationist Books ed Liz Rank Hughes, National Center for Science Education, 1992. page 55 ISBN 0939873524
   
   
   

Veja correspondencia do Dr. Gentry com um estudante brasileiro a respeito:

[url=http://www.halos.com/faq-replies/creation-halos-stand-unrefuted.htm]http://www.halos.com/faq-replies/creation-halos-stand-unrefuted.htm[/url]

A refutação ao TalkOrigins está aqui:

[url=http://www.halos.com/book/ctm-15-a.htm]http://www.halos.com/book/ctm-15-a.htm[/url]

Os cientistas do TalkOrigins alegam que os Radio Halos de Po em granitos são de origem secudária. Se os Halos de Po são de origem secundária então seria muito fácil reproduzi-los hoje. No entanto há um silêncio total quando Gentry os dasafiou Inclusive o NAS (National Association of Science)a mais de 25 anos a fazerem isso, mas até hoje nada foi feito. Veja o que Gentry disse:

"The result is that the evolutionary assumption that granite forms naturally has been repeatedly disproved by laboratory experimentation. See for example pages 196-204. The result is that the evolutionary origin of granite has been falsified."

"They cannot do it so they continue to speculate on plausibility arguments to try to hide their numerous failures. All this is how science works, not the way they have been projecting to you, meaning that they introduce topics that have nothing to do with explaining what does exist. Remember this, If someone wants to find spurious reasons for not believing in God, they can always say, Well if God exists, then I will believe it if He sends a cloud of angels to tell me so. Or he might say he will not believe unless Jesus himself comes to speak with him, or that he wants God to work a miracle five times in a day. "

É tudo bastante simples!

Refutação de Gentry. Há para maiores detalhes, leiam isso:

[url=http://www.halos.com/reports/ex-nihilo-1998-fingerprints-of-creation.htm]http://www.halos.com/reports/ex-nihilo-1998-fingerprints-of-creation.htm[/url]

Gentry analisou 100 mil mesmo para não restar dúvidas sobre o assunto, ele estoudou o assunto Ad Nauseam. Gentry tem amostras de halos de todo o mundo , japão, escandinava, canadá, usa, madagascar e outros, mesmo que ele só fizesse análise só do canadá, em nada resolveria o problema do decaimento do urânio. Todos os tipos de rocha que Gentry analisou pode ser vista aqui [url=http://www.halos.com/book/ctm-rc.htm]http://www.halos.com/book/ctm-rc.htm[/url] inclusive em madeira carbonificada. Com certeza os halos de polônio 218 ainda são um mistério porque, pelos testes de Gentry os halos não seguem a cadeia de decomposição de hoje, ele explica tudo aqui [url=http://www.halos.com/book/ctm-01-a.htm]http://www.halos.com/book/ctm-01-a.htm[/url] O interessante é que muitos cientistas por não saberem como refeutar isso sempre partem para o ataque Ad Hominem.

Gentry desafiou os ateus a produzir Halos de Po 218 para assim, verificar o principio uniformitarista, arrumaram a desculpa que seria muito caro produzir isso em laboratório. Desculpa mesmo, pois já tentaram fazer isso e não conseguiram. Quem não enxerga o que Gentry fez é porque na verdade nunca leu The Tiny Mistery. O vídeo da palestra simplesmente esmaga qualquer argumentação contra a tese de Gentry. Foi o melhor peer-revied que eu já vi ou li. A

Publicações sobre os halos desde 1968

A pesquisa do Dr Gentry já conta com mais 37 anos e foi publicada nas principais revistas cientificas, inclusive Science e Nature.

No caso, ele não defende que todos os granitos aconteceram instantaneamente, mas apenas os pre-cambrianos, pois que logicamente muitos tiveram sua formação posterior.

Gentry, Robert V., 1968, "Fossil Alpha-Recoil Analysis of Certain Variant Radioactive halos" Science, Vol. 160, p. 1228-1230.

Gentry, Robert V., 1970, "Giant Radioactive Halos: Indicators of Unknown Radioactivity," Science, Vol. 169, pp. 670-673

Gentry, Robert V., 1971, "Radiohalos: Some Unique Lead Isotope Ratios and Unknown Alpha Radioactivity," Science, Vol. 173, p. 727-731.

Gentry, Robert V., S.S. Christy, J.F. McLaughlin, J. A. McHugh, 1973, Nature, Vol. 244, p. 282.

Gentry, Robert V., 1974, "Radioactive Halos in a Radiochronological and Cosmological Perspective", Science, Vol. 184, pp. 62-66.

Gentry, Robert V., Warner H. Christie, David H. Smith, J.F. Emery, S.A. Reynolds, and Raymond Walker, 1976, "Radiohalos in Coalified Wood: New Evidence Relating to the Time of Uranium Introduction and Coalification," Science, Vol. 194, pp.315-318

Gentry, Robert V., T.J. Sworski, H.S. McKown, D.H. Smith, R.E. Eby, W.H. Christie, 1982, "Differential Lead Retention in Zircons: Implications for Nuclear Waste Containment,"Science, Vol. 216, p. 296-298.

Gentry, Robert V., 1992, Creation's Tiny Mystery, Earth Science Associates, Knowville, TN, 3rd Edition.

Não só a Science, mas também a Nature, a Physics Today, a American Geophysical Union, a American Association for the Advancement of Science, entre outros. The following reports are in one of three formats. To view the ones in PDF format, use Adobe Acrobat Reader. To view the ones in RTF format, you may use MS Word. Reports Dealing with Radiohalos Gentry, R.V. 1968. "Fossil Alpha-Recoil Analysis of Certain Variant Radioactive Halos." Science 160, 1228. HTML PDF Gentry, R.V. 1970. "Giant Radioactive Halos: Indicators of Unknown Alpha-Radioactivity?" Science 169, 670. HTML PDF Gentry, R.V. 1971. "Radiohalos: Some Unique Pb Isotope Ratios and Unknown Alpha Radioactivity." Science 173, 727. PDF Gentry, R.V. 1973. "Radioactive Halos." Annual Review of Nuclear Science 23, 347. PDF Gentry, R.V. 1974. "Radiohalos in Radiochronological and Cosmological Perspective." Science 184, 62. HTML PDF Gentry, R.V. 1975. Response to J.H. Fremlin's Comments on "Spectacle Halos." Nature 258, 269. Gentry, R.V. 1977. "Mystery of the Radiohalos." Research Communications NETWORK, Breakthrough Report, February 10, 1977. HTML PDF Gentry, R.V. 1978a. "Are Any Unusual Radiohalos Evidence for SHE?" International Symposium on Superheavy Elements, Lubbock, Texas. New York: Pergamon Press. PDF Gentry, R.V. 1978b. "Implications on Unknown Radioactivity of Giant and Dwarf Haloes in Scandinavian Rocks." Nature 274, 457. HTML PDF Gentry, R.V. 1978c. "Reinvestigation of the α Activity of Conway Granite." Nature 273, 217. HTML PDF Gentry, R.V. 1979. "Time: Measured Responses." EOS Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 60, 474. PDF RTF Gentry, R.V. 1980. "Polonium Halos." EOS Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 61, 514. HTML PDF Gentry, R.V. 1982. Letters. Physics Today 35, No. 10, 13. Gentry, R.V. 1983a. Letters. Physics Today 36, No. 4, 3. Gentry, R.V. 1983b. Letters. Physics Today 36, No. 11, 124. Gentry, R.V. 1984a. "Radioactive Halos in a Radiochronological and Cosmological Perspective." Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Pacific Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science 1, 38. HTML PDF Gentry, R.V. 1984c. Letters. Physics Today 37, No. 4, 108. Gentry, R.V. 1984d. Letters. Physics Today 37, No. 12, 92. Gentry, R.V. 1987a. "Radioactive Halos: Implications for Creation." Proceedings of the First International Conference on Creationism, Vol. II, 89. HTML Gentry, R.V. 1998. "Fingerprints of Creation." Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal 12, 287. HTML Gentry, R.V. et al. 1973. "Ion Microprobe Confirmation of Pb Isotope Ratios and Search for Isomer Precursors in Polonium Radiohalos." Nature 244, 282. HTML PDF Gentry, R.V. et al. 1974. "'Spectacle' Array of Po-210 Halo Radiocentres in Biotite: A Nuclear Geophysical Enigma." Nature 252, 564. HTML PDF Gentry, R.V. et al. 1976a. "Radiohalos and Coalified Wood: New Evidence Relating to the Time of Uranium Introduction and Coalification." Science 194, 315. HTML PDF Reports Dealing with Helium and Lead Retention in Zircons Gentry, R.V. 1984b. "Lead Retention in Zircons" (Technical Comment). Science 223, 835. Gentry, R.V. et al. 1982a. "Differential Lead Retention in Zircons: Implications for Nuclear Waste Containment." Science 216, 296. HTML PDF Gentry, R.V. et al. 1982b. "Differential Helium Retention in Zircons: Implications for Nuclear Waste Containment." Geophysical Research Letters 9, 1129. HTML PDF Reports Dealing with Astronomy and Cosmology Gentry, R. V. 1997. "A New Redshift Interpretation." Modern Physics Letters A, Vol. 12, No. 37, 2919. (This paper was also posted in 1998 on the Los Alamos National Laboratory E-Print arXive: astro-ph/9806280.) HTML PDF Gentry, R. V. 1998. "The Genuine Cosmic Rosetta." This paper was posted on what was then the Los Alamos National Laboratory E-Print arXive: gr-gc/9806061. HTML PDF Gentry, R. V. 1998. "The New Redshift Interpretation Affirmed." This paper was posted on what was then the Los Alamos National Laboratory E-Print arXive: physics/9810051. HTML PDF Gentry, R. V. 2003. "Discovery of a Major Contradiction in Big Bang Cosmology Points to the New Cosmic Center Universe Model." CERN Preprint, Ext-2003-021. HTML PDF Gentry, R. V. 2003. "New Cosmic Center Universe Model Matches Eight of Big Bang's Major Predictions Without the F-L Paradigm." CERN Preprint, Ext-2003-022. PDF Gentry, R. V. 2004. "Collapse of Big Bang Cosmology and the Emergence of the New Cosmic Center Model of the Universe." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 56, 4. HTML PDF The first three astronomy and cosmology papers may also be obtained by going to the the web sites of either Los Alamos National Laboratory or arXiv.org. arXiv.org is currently adminstered by Cornell University. NOTE: For more information about the Big Bang's fatal flaws and "The Great 21st Century Scientific Watergate," please check out our sister site, [url=http://www.orionfdn.org]www.orionfdn.org[/url].

Gentry, Robert V., 1968, "Fossil Alpha-Recoil Analysis of Certain Variant Radioactive halos" Science, Vol. 160, p. 1228-1230.

Gentry, Robert V., 1970, "Giant Radioactive Halos: Indicators of Unknown Radioactivity," Science, Vol. 169, pp. 670-673

Gentry, Robert V., 1971, "Radiohalos: Some Unique Lead Isotope Ratios and Unknown Alpha Radioactivity," Science, Vol. 173, p. 727-731.

Gentry, Robert V., S.S. Christy, J.F. McLaughlin, J. A. McHugh, 1973, Nature, Vol. 244, p. 282.

Gentry, Robert V., 1974, "Radioactive Halos in a Radiochronological and Cosmological Perspective", Science, Vol. 184, pp. 62-66.

Gentry, Robert V., Warner H. Christie, David H. Smith, J.F. Emery, S.A. Reynolds, and Raymond Walker, 1976, "Radiohalos in Coalified Wood: New Evidence Relating to the Time of Uranium Introduction and Coalification," Science, Vol. 194, pp.315-318

Alguns links:

Gentry, Robert V. (14 June 1968). [url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/160/3833/1228]http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/160/3833/1228[/url]

Gentry, Robert V. (14 August 1970). [url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/169/3946/670]http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/169/3946/670[/url]
Gentry, Robert V. (5 April 1974). http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/184/4132/62